屋麵應用硬泡聚氨酯噴塗施工關鍵技術的控製
      硬泡聚氨酯（PU）baowencailiaoshiyouyiqingsuanzhiyuduoyuanchunfanyingzhichengdeyizhongjuyouanjijiasuanzhilianduanzhongfujiegoudanyuandejuhewu。youyuqibaowenxingnenglianghao
，fangshuixingnengyouyi
，guangfanyingyongyuwaiqiangbaowen、屋頂保溫及冷庫、糧庫、檔案室

、管道
、門窗口等特殊部位的保溫。聚氨酯硬泡在國外被大量應用於屋麵和牆體保溫
，主要應用形式有複合板材
、現場噴塗兩類。  


      英國早在上世紀60年代就已將聚氨酯硬泡應用於牆體和屋麵。  
      美國1996年建築用硬泡占硬泡總耗用量的49％。另據美國聚氨酯工業協會信息
，為了達到節能50％～70％的(de)目(mu)標(biao)

，美(mei)國(guo)房(fang)屋(wu)保(bao)溫(wen)係(xi)統(tong)所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)保(bao)溫(wen)材(cai)料(liao)由(you)玻(bo)璃(li)纖(xian)維(wei)普(pu)遍(bian)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)聚(ju)氨(an)酯(zhi)保(bao)溫(wen)材(cai)料(liao)，以(yi)充(chong)分(fen)利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)氨(an)酯(zhi)保(bao)溫(wen)材(cai)料(liao)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)保(bao)溫(wen)性(xing)能(neng)和(he)防(fang)水(shui)性(xing)。  
      在我國，聚氨酯硬質泡沫在建築外牆外保溫領域的應用技術研究於10年前才開始起步。目前
，其應用除屋麵保溫隔熱防水外
，還有冷庫、大中型化工設施
、糧庫等方麵。由於我國建築節能事業的迅猛發展

，預計用於建築保溫隔熱的硬泡聚氨酯材料市場將會呈現跨越式的發展。  
      硬泡聚氨酯噴塗施工關鍵技術  
      yingpaojuanzhipentujishujiaonanzhangwo，yichanshengpentudejuanzhipaokongbujunyundengwenti
，qiyeyingjiaqiangpentushigongrenyuandepeixungongzuo，shiqishulianzhangwopentujishu，nenggoudulijiejuepentushigongzhongyudaodejishuwenti。pentushigongzhongxuyaojiejuedeguanjianjishuwentizhuyaoyouyixiajigefangmian。  
      a乳白時間和霧化效果的控製  
      聚氨酯泡沫的形成需經曆發泡和熟化兩個階段。從黑、白(bai)料(liao)混(hun)合(he)開(kai)始(shi)到(dao)泡(pao)沫(mo)體(ti)積(ji)膨(peng)脹(zhang)停(ting)止(zhi)，這(zhe)個(ge)過(guo)程(cheng)稱(cheng)為(wei)發(fa)泡(pao)。發(fa)泡(pao)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，體(ti)係(xi)釋(shi)放(fang)出(chu)大(da)量(liang)的(de)反(fan)應(ying)熱(re)。噴(pen)塗(tu)時(shi)應(ying)考(kao)慮(lv)泡(pao)孔(kong)的(de)均(jun)勻(yun)性(xing)。泡(pao)孔(kong)均(jun)勻(yun)性(xing)主(zhu)要(yao)受(shou)以(yi)下(xia)因(yin)素(su)影(ying)響(xiang)：  
      （1）料比偏差機器泡與手工泡密度的差別較大。通常，機器的固定料比為1∶1，danyouyugechangjiabailiaodenianduchabiejiaoda，zaochengshijiliaobiyujiqigudingliaobibufu。dangbailiaoguoliangshibiaoxianweipaomomidudi
，yansefabai，paomoqiangduxiajiang，shouganruan，qiwendishiyishousuo；當黑料過量時表現為泡沫密度高，顏色深
，泡沫強度高，手感硬而脆。這些情況下應立即核對料比，查看過濾器是否堵塞，壓力

、溫度指示是否正常，以確保黑、白料比例的準確性。  
     （2）環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)聚(ju)氨(an)酯(zhi)發(fa)泡(pao)受(shou)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)很(hen)大(da)。發(fa)泡(pao)依(yi)靠(kao)熱(re)量(liang)而(er)進(jin)行(xing)，如(ru)果(guo)沒(mei)有(you)熱(re)量(liang)，體(ti)係(xi)中(zhong)的(de)發(fa)泡(pao)劑(ji)就(jiu)無(wu)法(fa)蒸(zheng)發(fa)
，從(cong)而(er)無(wu)法(fa)生(sheng)成(cheng)泡(pao)沫(mo)塑(su)料(liao)。熱(re)量(liang)來(lai)自(zi)化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)產(chan)生(sheng)和(he)環(huan)境(jing)提(ti)供(gong)兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)麵(mian)。化(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)熱(re)不(bu)受(shou)外(wai)界(jie)因(yin)素(su)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，環(huan)境(jing)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)熱(re)量(liang)則(ze)隨(sui)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)變(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)。當(dang)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)高(gao)時(shi)，環(huan)境(jing)能(neng)給(gei)反(fan)應(ying)體(ti)係(xi)提(ti)供(gong)熱(re)量(liang)，可(ke)增(zeng)加(jia)反(fan)應(ying)速(su)度(du)，縮(suo)短(duan)反(fan)應(ying)時(shi)間(jian)。表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)泡(pao)沫(mo)發(fa)泡(pao)充(chong)分(fen)，泡(pao)沫(mo)表(biao)層(ceng)和(he)芯(xin)部(bu)密(mi)度(du)接(jie)近(jin)。當(dang)環(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)低(di)（如18℃以下），部分反應熱就會散發到環境中。熱量的損失

，一方麵造成泡沫熟化期延長，增大了泡沫成型收縮率（溫度越低，成型收縮率越高）；另一方麵增加了泡沫材料的用量。  


      （3）風力噴塗作業時
，要求風速在5m/s以下。風速超過5m/s，將jiang吹chui失shi反fan應ying產chan生sheng的de熱re量liang，影ying響xiang聚ju氨an酯zhi泡pao沫mo的de快kuai速su發fa泡pao反fan應ying，使shi產chan品pin表biao麵mian變bian脆cui。同tong時shi，由you於yu噴pen塗tu發fa泡pao機ji將jiang原yuan料liao混hun合he後hou，以yi霧wu化hua狀zhuang態tai噴pen出chu
，如ru風feng速su過guo大da，將jiang會hui吹chui走zou霧wu化hua顆ke粒li，增zeng加jia原yuan料liao損sun耗hao，汙wu染ran環huan境jing。  
      （4）基ji層ceng溫wen度du和he濕shi度du從cong工gong程cheng實shi踐jian可ke以yi看kan出chu
，基ji層ceng牆qiang體ti溫wen度du對dui聚ju氨an酯zhi的de發fa泡pao效xiao率lv也ye有you很hen大da的de影ying響xiang。噴pen塗tu過guo程cheng中zhong，如ru果guo環huan境jing溫wen度du和he建jian築zhu物wu基ji層ceng牆qiang體ti溫wen度du都dou非fei常chang低di，硬ying泡pao聚ju氨an酯zhi第di一yi遍bian噴pen塗tu完wan後hou，反fan應ying熱re量liang會hui迅xun速su被bei基ji層ceng吸xi收shou，從cong而er減jian少shao了le材cai料liao的de發fa泡pao量liang。因yin此ci，在zai施shi工gong時shi應ying盡jin量liang縮suo短duan中zhong午wu休xiu息xi時shi間jian，在zai施shi工gong安an排pai過guo程cheng中zhong宜yi合he理li安an排pai工gong序xu
，以yi保bao證zheng硬ying泡pao聚ju氨an酯zhi的de發fa泡pao率lv。硬ying質zhi聚ju氨an酯zhi泡pao沫mo是shi異yi氰qing酸suan酯zhi和he組zu合he聚ju醚mi雙shuang組zu分fen混hun合he反fan應ying生sheng成cheng的de高gao分fen子zi產chan品pin。其qi中zhong異yi氰qing酸suan酯zhi組zu分fen很hen容rong易yi和he水shui反fan應ying生sheng成cheng脲niao，如ru果guo聚ju氨an酯zhi中zhong脲niao鍵jian含han量liang升sheng高gao


，則ze泡pao沫mo塑su料liao將jiang變bian脆cui，泡pao沫mo與yu基ji材cai的de黏nian結jie力li降jiang低di。因yin此ci，要yao求qiu待dai噴pen基ji材cai表biao麵mian清qing潔jie幹gan燥zao，相xiang對dui濕shi度du小xiao於yu80％，且無鏽
、無粉塵、無汙染、無潮氣，雨天不得施工。若有露或霜，應去除露霜並幹燥表麵。  
      b現場發泡噴塗量的控製  
      在zai施shi工gong過guo程cheng中zhong應ying盡jin量liang避bi免mian硬ying泡pao聚ju氨an酯zhi噴pen塗tu汙wu染ran。聚ju氨an酯zhi材cai料liao在zai高gao壓ya作zuo用yong下xia以yi霧wu狀zhuang液ye滴di的de形xing式shi從cong噴pen槍qiang噴pen出chu，加jia之zhi材cai料liao密mi度du小xiao，質zhi量liang輕qing，很hen容rong易yi被bei風feng帶dai走zou，造zao成cheng材cai料liao浪lang費fei和he環huan境jing汙wu染ran。聚ju氨an酯zhi噴pen塗tu施shi工gong中zhong在zai建jian築zhu角jiao線xian、裝飾線等施工中，有近1/2的(de)材(cai)料(liao)不(bu)能(neng)被(bei)噴(pen)塗(tu)到(dao)牆(qiang)體(ti)上(shang)，材(cai)料(liao)浪(lang)費(fei)嚴(yan)重(zhong)。在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，還(hai)應(ying)有(you)效(xiao)控(kong)製(zhi)基(ji)層(ceng)平(ping)整(zheng)度(du)。基(ji)層(ceng)牆(qiang)體(ti)平(ping)整(zheng)度(du)太(tai)差(cha)也(ye)能(neng)造(zao)成(cheng)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)材(cai)料(liao)浪(lang)費(fei)。此(ci)外(wai)
，如(ru)果(guo)聚(ju)氨(an)酯(zhi)噴(pen)塗(tu)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)基(ji)層(ceng)牆(qiang)體(ti)的(de)平(ping)整(zheng)度(du)誤(wu)差(cha)太(tai)大(da)，則(ze)需(xu)要(yao)把(ba)局(ju)部(bu)正(zheng)偏(pian)差(cha)太(tai)大(da)的(de)部(bu)分(fen)鋸(ju)掉(diao)，這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)浪(lang)費(fei)了(le)聚(ju)氨(an)酯(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)和(he)人(ren)力(li)成(cheng)本(ben)，還(hai)會(hui)給(gei)後(hou)續(xu)施(shi)工(gong)帶(dai)來(lai)難(nan)度(du)。  
      c施工現場材料的管理  
      juanzhifapaodeyuanlishiyikaofapaojishoureqihuajinrupaomopaokongneichanshengpaokongneiwaiyalichacongerwanchengfapaoguocheng，suoyifapaojidehanliangheyouxiaoliyongchengduyeshifapaoxiaolvdeguanjian。zaishigongqian，fapaojianyidingdebilichanhezaibailiaozhong。youyufapaojishiyizhongjiyihuifadewuzhi
，shigongguochengzhong，ruguorongqishouhuanjingyingxiangqineibuwenduguogao，jiuhuishirongqineidefapaojibufenkaishiqihua
，bianchengqiticunzaiyurongqishangbuzhongkongdekongjianhuotongguorongqishangdekongdonghuifadaodaqizhong，zaochengcailiaozhongfapaojidehanliangjianshao，huoshidiyuyudingdepeibi。cishipaomofapaobuchongfen，paomomidubianda，congertongliangdecailiaojiubunengchanshengyujitijidepaomo。yinci，juanzhizaizhucunguochengzhongyaozhuyimifeng，yanjinbaoshai。  
      硬泡聚氨酯噴塗過程中的安全保障措施  
      噴塗前應充分做好遮擋工作。一般門窗用塑料彩條布裁成與門窗口麵積相當的布塊進行遮擋。對架子管
、tieyidengbuguizexufanghubuwei
，yingcaiyongjuyixibaoxianmojinxingchanraofanghu。pentushiyichanshengjuanzhipaomofeijian

，shigongrenyuanyaozuohaolaodongbaohu。yangezunxungaokongzuoyeanquanfaze
，bixupeidaianquanmao、anquandai，tebieshidiaolanshigonggengyaocaiquyouxiaodefanghucuoshi，fangzhidiaolanzhuiluo。xingongrenshanggangqianbixujieshouyangedejishupeixunheanquanjiaoyu。pentucaozuozhouweiyingzuoweidangzhebi

，yimianduihuanjingzaochengran。caiyongjiaoshoujiashigongshiyaoyongxiaoyananquanwangzhegaiyanmi；用吊籃施工時，吊籃四周應做高度不低於1.8米
、寬不小於噴塗範圍的遮擋，以免聚氨酯顆粒隨風吹走。  
       pentuguochengzhong，yanjindianhandengminghuocaozuoshigong，shigongshiyaobeizumiehuoqi，fangzhichuxianxianchanghuozai。pentudianqishebeideanzhuangcaozuorenyuanyaochizhengshanggang，yongdianyaoyangeanzhaogongdixianchangguanliguidingzhixing。pentuhoujishitushuajuanzhijiemianshajiang。